ISSN: 2155-6199
Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation
Make the best use of Scientific Research and information from our 700+ peer reviewed, 天美传媒 Access Journals that operates with the help of 50,000+ Editorial Board Members and esteemed reviewers and 1000+ Scientific associations in Medical, Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Engineering, Technology and Management Fields.
Meet Inspiring Speakers and Experts at our 3000+ Global Events with over 600+ Conferences, 1200+ Symposiums and 1200+ Workshops on Medical, Pharma, Engineering, Science, Technology and Business
Editorial 天美传媒 Access
Microbial Degradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: Current and Future
| Xinghui Xia* | |
| State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China | |
| Corresponding Author : | Xinghui Xia State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation School of Environment, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875, China E-mail: xiaxh@bnu.edu.cn |
| Received November 29, 2012; Accepted December 01, 2012; Published December 03, 2012 | |
| Citation: Xia X (2013) Microbial Degradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: Current and Future. J Bioremed Biodeg 4:e130. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000e130 | |
| Copyright: © 2013 Xia X. This is an open-a ccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | |
Related article at |
|
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation
| Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that have been integrated into plastics and textiles for about three decades. They have been detected in environmental samples [1-3], and human breast milk [4-6], around the world. Due to their stability, toxicity and long distance transportation, penta- and octa-BDE were listed in POPs convention in 2009, which means that penta- and octa-BDE must be prohibited from production and utilization. However, the historically PBDEs used in the product can be released into environment. Besides, deca-BDEs which can be transformed into lower brominated diphenyl ethers are still in use, which also increase the risk of exposure and environmental burden of PBDEs. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the transformation way of PBDEs in natural environment, and exploring a practical and effective elimination method for PBDEs in environment, such as microbial degradation [7,8], is very necessary and urgent. |
| Microbial degradation of PBDEs includes anaerobic and aerobic incubation, which are distinguished from their culture conditions. In general, anaerobic degradation is preferred to treat persistent organic pollutants due to its stronger degradation ability, in contrast to aerobic degradation, although it has a relatively lower reaction rate [9]. In the past several years, anaerobic degradation of PBDEs in water, sediment, and sewage slurry have been studied using single strain or mixed bacteria [9-12]. In a word, less-brominated congeners are the main products of PBDEs biodegradation in oxygen-free environment, i.e. reductive debromination is the mechanism of PBDEs anaerobic microbial degradation [8], which is similar to photodegradation and nanoscale zero-valent iron degradation of PBDEs [13,14]. However, in contrast to other degradation methods, selectivity of PBDEs anaerobic degradation was observed in many studies. For example, Dehalococcoides-containing cultures can transform an octa-BDE mixture to a variety of hepta- through di-BDEs, but none of these cultures could debrominate deca-BDE [15]. In addition, Qiu et al. [16] studied the effects of electron donors on anaerobic microbial debromination of PBDEs, and found that the percentage of BDE-209 was deceased by 12% (methanol), 11% (ethanol), 8% (acetate), 9% (lactate), 5% (pyruvate), and 11% (no electron donors), meanwhile the microbial community structure was highly correlated with the concentration of BDE-209. Yen et al. [11] reported the change of bacterial communities caused by the variety of PBDE congeners in degradation system. These results indicated that anaerobic degradation of PBDEs in the environment was controlled by the comprehensive effect of microbial community structure, concentration and homologue composition of PBDEs, and electron donors. However, the mechanism of this comprehensive effect is not clear at present. |
| Meanwhile, PBDEs can also be degraded by aerobic microbes. Currently, only Sphingomonas sp. (SS3, SS33, PH-07) [17-19], whitehot fungi (Trametes versicolor SBUG 1050, DSM 11269 and DSM 11309, and GIM 3.383) [20,21], Rhodococcus (jostii RHA1 and sp. RR1), Burkholderia xenovorans LB400, Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans CB1190 [22], Lysinibacillus fusiformis DB-1 [23], Pseudomonas (sp., stutzeri BFR01) and Bacillus sp. [24,25], and other unnamed soil microbes [26], were reported having ability to degrade PBDEs. The metabolic products were hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers, brominated phenols, brominated catechols and bromide ion, which were different from PBDEs metabolites from anaerobic biodegradation. Moreover, for PBDEs with three or more bromines, the pathway of aerobic biodegradation has not yet been clearly delineated in the literature. Furthermore, the function gene and enzyme involved in the degradation should be investigated in detail. |
| Thus, further study should be focused on: (1) detecting aerobic biodegradation products of PBDEs, and proposing their pathway; (2) detecting enzymes involving in the anaerobic and aerobic degradation of PBDEs, and finding the genes controlling the process of biodegradation; (3) computing the properties of PBDEs, and establishing the relationship between these properties and the biodegradation pathway of PBDEs; (4) screening some species of exclusive bacteria for anaerobic and aerobic degradation of PBDEs, forming some rules of thumb, and applying them into natural environment, and establishing in situ bioremediation of environments contaminated by PBDEs. |
References
|
Share This Article
Relevant Topics
- Anaerobic Biodegradation
- Biodegradable Balloons
- Biodegradable Confetti
- Biodegradable Diapers
- Biodegradable Plastics
- Biodegradable Sunscreen
- Biodegradation
- Bioremediation Bacteria
- Bioremediation Oil Spills
- Bioremediation Plants
- Bioremediation Products
- Ex Situ Bioremediation
- Heavy Metal Bioremediation
- In Situ Bioremediation
- Mycoremediation
- Non Biodegradable
- Phytoremediation
- Sewage Water Treatment
- Soil Bioremediation
- Types of Upwelling
- Waste Degredation
- Xenobiotics
Recommended Journals
Article Tools
Article Usage
- Total views: 14067
- [From(publication date):
January-2013 - Jan 10, 2025] - Breakdown by view type
- HTML page views : 9544
- PDF downloads : 4523
