天美传媒

Cervical cancer; sexual health; reproductive health; HPV; screening; prevention; epidemiology

Introduction

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with a significant burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]. Despite advances in screening and prevention, cervical cancer continues to pose a considerable threat to women's health, particularly in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure. This article aims to explore the intersection between cervical cancer and sexual and reproductive health, highlighting the key risk factors, prevention strategies, and challenges in addressing this disease. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18 [2]. The global burden of cervical cancer disproportionately affects LMICs, where approximately 85% of new cases and 87% of cervical cancer-related deaths occur [3]. Factors contributing to this disparity include limited access to screening programs, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and sociocultural barriers to seeking medical care.

Risk factors

Sexual and reproductive health factors play a significant role in the development of cervical cancer. Early age at first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and high-risk sexual behaviors increase the likelihood of HPV transmission and subsequent cervical cancer [4]. Other risk factors include smoking, immunosuppression, and co-infection with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and herpes simplex virus.

Screening and diagnosis

Screening for cervical cancer aims to detect precancerous lesions or early-stage disease, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. Common screening methods include cytology-based Pap smear and HPV testing, either alone or in combination [5]. Despite the availability of effective screening tools, many women in LMICs lack access to regular screening due to financial constraints, lack of awareness, or cultural beliefs surrounding reproductive health [6].

Prevention strategies

Preventive measures for cervical cancer include HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening. HPV vaccination, targeting adolescents before sexual debut, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the incidence of HPV infections and cervical precancerous lesions [7]. However, vaccination coverage remains inadequate in many regions, particularly in LMICs where access to vaccines is limited.

Challenges and future directions

Addressing cervical cancer requires a comprehensive approach that addresses both individual-level risk factors and systemic barriers to healthcare access. Challenges include stigma associated with cervical cancer and reproductive health issues, limited availability of HPV vaccines and screening services in LMICs, and the need for culturally sensitive interventions. Future directions should focus on expanding access to preventive measures, improving health education and awareness, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure in underserved communities [8-10].

Conclusion

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in LMICs where disparities in access to screening and prevention persist. By understanding the complex interplay between cervical cancer and sexual and reproductive health factors, policymakers and healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions to reduce the burden of this disease. Comprehensive strategies that incorporate HPV vaccination, cervical cancer screening, and health education are essential for advancing women's health and achieving global cervical cancer elimination goals.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

References

1. Cai D, Lai X, Zang Y (2022). Jou com healt n 39: 170-177.

, ,

2. Aazam H, Rassouli M, Jahani S, Elahi N, Shahram M (2022). BMC Nursing 21: 1.

, ,

3. Shi X, Zhou Y, Li Z (2021). J Adv Nurs 3: 776-786.

, ,

4. Schwab LM, Renner LM, King H, Miller P, Forman D, et al. (2021) “. BMC 21: 1167.

, ,

5. Tuba B, Nur IO, Abdullah B, İlknur Y, Hasibe K (2021). Clin Exp Health Sci 12: 162 – 168.

, ,

6. Shannon S, Jathuson J, Hayley P, Penney G (2020). J Contin Educ Nurs 51: 25-31.

, ,

7. Soghra R, Mahin G, Elham M, Alireza J (2020). Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 25: 224–231.

, ,

8. Denise JD, Mary KC (2020)Nurs Inq 27: 12360.

, ,

9. Elizabeth D, Ann MU (2020). J Nurs Manag 28: 2017-2024.

, ,

10. Li J, Li P, Chen J, Ruan L, Zeng Q, et al.. Nurs 天美传媒 7: 1867-1875.

, ,