天美传媒

Toxicological methods; Pesticides; Food

Introduction

Pesticide residues are a result of the use of pesticides for plant protection. They are a blend of several substances made up of the active ingredient as well as its isomers, metabolites, and degradates. This is the result of changes that start to take place as soon as a plant protection agent is applied, such as changes brought on by a plant's metabolism or changes brought on by soil microorganisms. In soil, other chemical processes like hydrolysis take place [1, 2].

Methods

Such evaluation is challenging because there is frequently either a lack of pertinent information about the toxicity of each component or a lack of information beyond research on acute oral toxicity. Metabolites, isomers, and degradates of the active substance may exhibit reduced, higher, or similar toxicity as well as distinct modes of action when compared to the parent drug [3, 4]. One metabolite of prothioconazole, prothioconazole-desthio, is more hazardous than the drug itself (EFSA, 2014). Similarly, omethoate (dimethoate's metabolite) (EFSA, 2013) and fipronil's photodegradation products sulfoxide derivatives of the N-methylcarbamates (EFSA, 2018a), and omethoate are more dangerous than their parent chemicals [5, 6]. Risk assessment considers the toxicologically relevant chemicals, which are those whose toxicity is comparable to, greater than, or different from that of the parent compound.

A comprehensive toxicological profile of all metabolites and breakdown products is almost hard to create. There is also a focus on reducing the use of test animals in toxicological research. Often times, there are simply too many metabolites and breakdown products to allow for a full panel of toxicological studies on all remaining substances. Notwithstanding the fact that the findings of the mandatory standard rat tests on the active ingredient (Commission Regulation (EU) No [7, 8].

Conclusions

A greater variety of chemicals may now be detected thanks to enhanced analytical techniques. A threshold toxicity level for many chemicals that occur in food and feed at low and extremely low concentrations, including compounds with unknown toxicity, may be established merely based on the chemical's structure. TTC values implementation lowers the number of test animals [9, 10].

Acknowledgements

The National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene (NIPH-NIH), project number 16/Z.1/2016, provided funding for the research.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors affirm that they have no known financial or interpersonal conflicts that would have appeared to have an impact on the research presented in this study.

1. Cryer PE, Davis SN, Shamoon H (2003) Hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 26(6): 1902-1912.

Indexed at

2. Zeng Y, Ricordi C, Lendoire J, Carroll PB, Alejandro R, et al. (1993) The effect of prednisone on pancreatic islet autografts in dogs. Surgery 113(1): 98-102.

Indexed at

3. Eisenbarth GS (1986) Type I diabetes mellitus-A chronic autoimmune disease. New Engl J Med 314(21): 1360-1368.

Indexed at

4. Mellisa J (1993) The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes on the Development and Progression of Long-Term Complications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. New Engl J Med 329(14): 977-986.

Indexed at

5. Krinsley JS, Schultz MJ, Spronk PE, Harmsen RE (2011) Mild hypoglycemia is independently associated with increased mortality in the critically ill. Crit Care 15(4):R173.

Indexed at

6. Zinman B, Fulcher G, Rao PV, Thomas N, Endahl LA (2011) Insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin, once a day or three times a week versus insulin glargine once a day in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 16-week, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet 377(9769): 924-931.

Indexed at

7. Cryer PE (2005) Mechanisms of Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure and Its Component Syndromes in Diabetes. Diabetes 54(12): 3592-3601.

Indexed at

8. Cryer PE (2008) The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes 57(12): 3169-3176.

Indexed at

9. Ragnar H (1997) Dead-in-bed syndrome in diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemic unawareness. Lancet 350(9076): 492-493.

Indexed at

10. McCrimmon RJ, Sherwin RS (2010) Hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 59(10): 2333-2339.

Indexed at