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Stem cell; Autologous, Transparent

Types of stem cell transplants

Stem cell transplantations can be classified based on their source and recipient:

• Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: In this type of stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are collected from the patient’s own body, usually from the bone marrow or peripheral blood. The collected stem cells are then treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells before being re-infused back into the patient’s body [1].

• Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: In this type of stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are obtained from a donor who is usually a close match to the patient’s tissue type. The donor can be a sibling, an unrelated donor, or a cord blood donor [2].

• Syngeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: This type of stem cell transplantation involves the use of stem cells from an identical twin [3].

Uses of stem cell transplantation

Stem cell transplantation is mainly used to treat cancers of the blood and lymphatic system, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. It is also used to treat non-cancerous diseases that affect the blood cells, such as aplastic anemia and sickle cell anemia [4].

In addition to its use in cancer and blood disorders, stem cell transplantation is being studied as a possible treatment for other conditions, such as spinal cord injuries, heart disease, and diabetes.

Process of stem cell transplantation

The process of stem cell transplantation involves several steps:

• Preparation: Before the transplantation, the patient undergoes a series of tests to determine the best type of transplant to use and to identify any potential complications. The patient is also given medications to manage symptoms and prevent infection [5].

• Collection of Stem Cells: In autologous stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are collected from the patient’s own body through a process called apheresis. Blood is removed from the patient’s body and passed through a machine that separates the stem cells from other blood components [6]. The stem cells are then frozen and stored until they are needed. In allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the donor undergoes a similar process to collect the stem cells.

• Conditioning: The patient undergoes chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells or suppress the immune system to prevent rejection of the transplanted stem cells.

• Transplantation: The stem cells are infused into the patient’s body through a vein, similar to a blood transfusion. The stem cells travel to the bone marrow and begin to produce new blood cells.

• Recovery: The patient is monitored closely for signs of infection, rejection, or other complications. The patient will be weak and may require hospitalization for several weeks. The patient will also need to take medications to prevent infections and rejection [7].

Risks and complications

Stem cell transplantation is a complex medical procedure with some risks and complications. Some of the common risks and complications include:

1. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): This is a condition where the transplanted stem cells attack the patient’s healthy tissues, causing damage to the skin, gut, liver, and other organs.

2. Infection: Patients who undergo stem cell transplantation are at an increased risk of developing infections due to the weakening of the immune system [8].

3. Bleeding: Patients may experience bleeding due to low platelet counts caused by the chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

4. Organ damage: The chemotherapy or radiation therapy used in preparation for the transplantation may cause damage to the lungs, kidneys, or heart.

Conclusion

Stem cell transplantation is a life-saving medical procedure that has revolutionized the treatment of blood and lymphatic system cancers. The procedure involves replacing damaged or destroyed stem cells with healthy ones to restore the body’s ability to produce blood cells and fight infections. The process involves several steps, including preparation, collection of stem cells, conditioning, transplantation, and recovery. Although stem cell transplantation is associated with some risks and complications, it is a safe and effective treatment option for many people.

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8. Pedroza-González SC, Rodriguez-Salvador M, Pérez-Benítez BE, Alvarez MM, Santiago GT (2021) Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting: A Scientometric Analysis of Two Decades of Progress. Int J Bioprint 7:3-33.

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