天美传媒

Abstract

Xenobiotic metabolism encompasses the biochemical processes that transform foreign substances, such as drugs, environmental chemicals, and dietary components, to facilitate their excretion and reduce their potential toxicity. Central to this process are various enzymes and pathways that work in concert to convert these substances into more hydrophilic forms suitable for elimination. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in xenobiotic metabolism, focusing on the roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes, phase I and II metabolic reactions, and the integration of these processes in detoxification pathways. By examining the structure, function, and regulation of key enzymes, as well as their interactions with different metabolic pathways, this review highlights the complexities and challenges associated with xenobiotic metabolism. Additionally, it explores how genetic variations and environmental factors influence these processes, impacting drug efficacy, safety, and the overall health of individuals.